你论文中的列表用对了吗？看看这些技巧

列表是一种简单易用的方式来展示一系列想法。虽然列表格式相对灵活，尤其是涉及到项目符号时，但列表通常都要遵守一些关键规则：

冒号用法

冒号（:）通常用于引入列表，只要冒号前的短语是一个独立分句即可。如果在独立分句中添加以下术语或如下短语，则可增强随后列表的流畅性。

• The inclusion criteria were as follows: age >50 years, a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and a history of hypertension.

破折号用法

一对破折号（-）可用于将列表与句子的其余部分隔开，形成插入成分。

• The inclusion criteria—age >50 years, a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and a history of hypertension—were strictly applied.

逗号用法

逗号（,）可以用来分隔列表中的项目。但是，列表中最后一个元素前的逗号（也称为序列 逗号或牛津逗号）是可选的，不过在一份文档中使用或省略该逗号时应保持一致。

The inclusion criteria were as follows: age >50 years, a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, and a history of hypertension.(with serial comma)

• The inclusion criteria were as follows: age >50 years, a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and a history of hypertension.(without serial comma)

分号用法

分号（;）应用于分隔列表中的复杂项目，即已经包含逗号的项目。请注意，最后一个项目前的分号是必需的。

• The inclusion criteria were as follows: age >50 years; a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes; and a history of hypertension, sleep apnea, and shortness of breath.

在上例中，列表包括三个项目，其中第三个项目包括三个组成部分，因此需要使用分号。

平行

列表中的项目应属于同一语篇，以保持平行结构，从而提高可读性。例如，如果两个项目中使用了动名词，那么第三个项目的动词形式也应相同。

• The participants were tasked with studying the image, taking notes on its features, and discussion of their observations with the researcher.(incorrect; not parallel)
• The participants were tasked with studying the image, taking notes on its features, and discussing their observations with the researcher.(correct; parallel)

Between/among

一个常见的误解是 between 应该用来描述两个项目之间的关系，而 among 应该用来描述三个或更多项目之间的关系。然而，根据《芝加哥文体手册》（需订阅），between "表示一对一的关系"，即使隐含着两个以上一对一的关系，而 among "表示未定义的或集体的关系"。

• No difference was observed between the control group and the experimental group.(one-to-one relationship)
• No differences were observed among the five treatment groups.(collective relationship)
• No differences were observed between the control group and the five treatment groups.(five one-to-one relationships are implied, each comparing the control group with one of the five groups)

项目符号和编号列表

圆点和编号列表的格式相对适合作者的风格。特别是，标点符号可以包含或省略，列表项可以大写或不大写，可以由句子片段或完整句子组成。因此，以下两份清单（还有其他可能的变体）在语法上都是可以接受的：

• The culture medium should contain the following:

1. DMEM
2. fetal bovine serum
3. penicillin/streptomycin

• The culture medium should contain the following:

1. DMEM,
2. fetal bovine serum, and
3. penicillin/streptomycin.

我们希望今天的文章能说清楚使用列表时应遵循的惯例。如有任何问题或意见，请发送电子邮件至 AskAnExpert@aje.com。AJE祝您写作顺利！