在学术论文中，引语从句（introductory clauses）通常用来强调两个句子或一个段落中的观点之间的关系。这些分句确实有助于论文的流畅性，但其用法可能比较棘手。下面是几个经常被误用的导语，并举例说明其正确和错误的用法：
"On the other hand"
理想情况下，这个短语应该与 " On (the) one hand"一起使用，而且必须用来突出两个对立观点之间的对比：
- “On (the) one hand, grouping students by ability (“leveling”) allows students to absorb material at their own pace. On the other hand, mixing students of all abilities has been shown to boost the performance of students with low skills.”
- 不要这么写： “Grouping students by ability (“leveling”) allows them to absorb material at their own pace. On the other hand, leveling is easier for teachers because they do not have to tailor their lessons to many different levels of understanding.” 。这种用法是不正确的，因为两种说法都支持分层教学，因此并不矛盾。
如果你不确定 " On the other hand"的用法是否正确，可以用 " Conversely"、" In contrast"或 " However "来代替。如果这些短语都不合适，那么 " On the other hand "可能也是错误的。在 " On the other hand "感觉太不正式或被过度使用的情况下，这些也是很好的替代选项。
"Also"
使用 " also "作为引语从句时，听起来会很口语化，或者让人觉得后面的句子是事后想出来的。可以考虑用 " In addition "或 " Furthermore "来引出与前一句有相同意思的句子。
- “Grouping students by ability (“leveling”) allows them to absorb material at their own pace. Furthermore, leveling is easier for teachers because they do not have to tailor their lessons to many different levels of understanding.”
"Taken together"
这个短语常用于介绍段落的结尾或结果摘要。但是，一定要明确指出要把哪些内容放在一起：
- "Taken together, these data show that our in vitro system successfully reproduced the in vivo conditions."
- “Taken together, our results and previously published findings show that WASP activation is critical for actin cytoskeleton remodeling.”
- 不能写成： “Taken together, our in vitro system successfully reproduced the in vivo conditions.”
我们希望这些例子能帮助您更自信地使用引语从句。还有其他类似的短语令人困惑吗？请告诉我们，我们可以在今后的文章中解决这些问题！
